International journal on world peace 1 keili, f l 2008. Africa s longest civil wars occur in this region assefa, 1999. Understanding the roots of conflict in south sudan. We show that the over the period 196599 the incidence of conflict in africa is wellexplained by a global model. An emerging literature on contemporary civil wars has used sophisticated econometric evidence to argue that they occur not because of political or socioeconomic grievances, but because of the financial rewards civil war makes available to warlords and their followers. Robert bates, eaton professor of the science of government, harvard university the two volumes of understanding civil war build upon the world banks prior research on conflict and violence, particularly on the work of paul collier and anke hoeffler, whose model of civil war onset has sparked much discussion on the relationship between. Our analysis is based on the concept of incidence or amount of civil war and we try to model its determinants. Aug 22, 2005 the two volumes of understanding civil war build upon the world banks prior research on conflict and violence, particularly on the work of paul collier and anke hoeffler, whose model of civil war onset has sparked much discussion on the relationship between conflict and development in what came to be known as the greed versus grievance debate.
Updated information on the incidence of civil war shows that the latter halved from an average of 7. The book thus enables a deeper understanding of the conflict and its actors as well as offering an explanatory framework for understanding peacemaking, the nature of contemporary politics, and the current conflict in the country. The book concludes that the greed versus grievance debate should be abandoned for a more complex model that considers greed and grievance as inextricably fused motives for civil war. The civil war in sudan is another civil war that is associated in one way or the other with the region. The two volumes of understanding civil war build upon the world banks prior research on conflict and violence, particularly on the work of paul collier.
Greed and grievance in civil war department of economics. World bank policy research working paper 2355, washington, d. Using recently developed models of the overall incidence of civil wars in 161 countries between 1960 and 1999, we draw lessons with special reference to africa, showing that the relatively higher incidence of war in africa is not due to the ethnolinguistic fragmentation of its. Pdf contrary to popular belief, africas civil wars are not due to its ethnic and religious diversity. Therefore, an approach to understanding civil wars in africa supports the ideals of collier and hoeffler, quinn, hetcher and. From a generation of cinematographers to the end of apartheid africa, cuba and the soviet union. It examines the social, economic, political, historical, and ethnic concerns that have contributed to the crisis. The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region or to change government policies. Africa, europe and central asia, middle east and north africa. The two volumes of understanding civil war build upon the world. This publication is part of a two volume set which builds upon previous world bank research into the causes and characteristics of civil war onset, particularly the. Duffield says international interventions have been relatively effective in halving the number of ongoing wars in the world duffield, global civil war. Abstract the two volumes of understanding civil war build upon the world banks prior research on conflict and violence, particularly on the work of paul collier and anke hoeffler, whose model of civil war onset has sparked much discussion on the relationship between conflict and development in what came to be known as the greed versus grievance debate.
The two volumes of understanding civil war build upon the world banks prior research on conflict and violence, particularly on the work of paul collier and anke hoeffler, whose model of civil war onset has sparked much discussion on the relationship between conflict and development in what came to be known as the greed versus grievance debate. Despite this massive scale of human misery associated with civil war, the academic community had not concentrated much attention on the problem of civil war until very recently. Most contemporary conflicts are insurgencies and civil wars. Unita, however, secured foreign support and established itself as an effective guerrilla army. Understanding the recruitment of child soldiers in africa. Causes, impact and implications for the great lakes region executive summary the democratic republic of congo is recovering from conflicts, posting substantial improve ment in overall macroeconomic performance since the cessation of the war, on the back of robust copper and cobalt exports. Abstract the two volumes of understanding civil war build upon the world banks prior research on conflict and violence, particularly on the work of paul collier and anke hoeffler, whose model of civil war onset has sparked much discussion on.
Europe, central asia, and other regions english abstract. Poverty and conflict are widely understood to be closely interconnected. Small arms and light weapons transfer in west africa. For much of its 164year history, liberia has enjoyed a special status among africas nations.
A research framework for understanding the causes of civil war in subsaharan africa, discussion paper 15, crisis states research centre, london school of economics and political science. Norlen, angela omahony, phoenix voorhies, thomas s. The nigerian civil war, also known as the nigerianbiafran war, 6 july 1967 15 january 1970, was a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the southeastern provinces of nigeria as the selfproclaimed republic of biafra. Understanding recent african wars africa cambridge core. The objective of this paper, therefore, is to discuss the casamance conflict in order to provide some knowledge and a better understanding of the conflict which has been going on for 28 years. Investigating the causes of civil wars in subsaharan africa case. New perspectives on the civil war in mozambique, 19761992. Centre for the study of african economies, university of oxford. From the war of the spirits to the lords resistance army 8989. Identifying the roots of civil war and understanding the interactions. However, careful analysis of the determinants of civil wars in africa and a systematic. First, is africa systematically different from other regions. Islam and civil wars in west africa 23 christianity 2525 christianity and colonialism 25 africanisation of christianity 3030.
Contrary to popular belief, africa s civil wars are not due to its ethnic and religious diversity. It examines the social, economic, political, historical, and. Understanding the causes of civil war in subsaharan africa, discussion paper, no. The horn of africa is known for decades as one of the hottest geographical spaces of internal dissidence and interstate conflicts. A civil war, also known as an intrastate war in polemology, is a war between organized groups within the same state or country. This volume explores the nature of civil war in the modern world and in historical perspective. Books written about nigerian civil war good books africa. Does zambia conform to the economic theory of conflict and. It argues that the current liberian civil war is the consequence of the socioeconomic policies and political structures. This is a list of conflicts in africa arranged by country, both on the continent and associated islands, including wars between african nations, civil wars, and wars involving nonafrican nations that took place within africa. Szayna prepared for the united states army approved for public release.
Rebellion may be explained by atypically severe grievances, such as high inequality. Traditional religion in african civil wars 17 islam 19 th e coming of islam 19 islam versus colonialism 20. It encompasses colonial wars, wars of independence, secessionist and separatist conflicts, major episodes of national violence riots, massacres, etc. This book provides an analytical framework for understanding how the concept of quality peace can be used to evaluate postconflict peacebuilding, using social science, statistics, and case studies. Including contributions from more than 20 researchers and practitioners, it argues that the quality. In short, civil wars are caused by greed, not grievance. The ones marked may be different from the article in the profile. The concept of war incidence is equivalent to the concept of the overall amount of civil war that one might observe in a given period, regardless of. Africa in reducing conflict risk by improving the ability of agriculture to deal. Signing of the peace agreement between unita and the mpla, ending a 27year civil war in 2002 source. You can be signed in via any or all of the methods shown below at the same time.
On the incidence of civil war in africa world bank. The two volumes of understanding civil war build upon the world banks prior research on conflict and violence, particularly on the work of paul. The postcold war period witnessed several positive changes with respect to democratization in africa. World religions 2003 denomination africa 000 % world 000 % africa world.
A seminal contributor to this literature has been collier, now at. Africas longest civil wars occur in this region assefa, 1999. Civil war is now far more common than international conflict. This cited by count includes citations to the following articles in scholar. Civil wars represent the principal form of armed conflict since the end of the second world war, and certainly in the contemporary era. This article investigates the fundamental causes of the liberian civil war, which has been going on since1989. Religion in subsaharan africa most observers agree that africans are generally much more religious than the europeans, perhaps even than americans both in the sense of believing in an invisible world and of actually practicing religion. The two volumes of understanding civil war build upon the world banks prior research on conflict and violence, particularly on the work of paul collier and anke hoeffler, whose model of civil war onset has sparked much discussion on the relationship. Contrary to popular belief, africas civil wars are not due to its ethnic and religious diversity.
A major catalyst for increased academic and policy work aimed at understanding civil war and reducing its prevalence was the world bank project on the economics of. Other explanations for civil war, and its reasons, such as the greed and grievance debate, have been challenged and will not be tackled in this article. Section one provides a background of conflict and gives details on the preconflict situation, the beginn. In addition to aid from the us, unita was also supported by south africa. South sudans civil war is the result of a weakly institutionalized state and may require the african unions intervention to find peace and. Founded in 1847 by freed slaves from the united states and the caribbean, it was africas first independent black republic, and people across africa considered it both an inspiration and a beacon of hope. The conflict was the result of economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of nigeria. Books written about nigerian civil war aloko adewale peter 11. Understanding recent african wars volume 77 issue 3 krijn peters, paul richards skip to main content accessibility help we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites.
The end of the civil war a few months later fully destroyed the idea of slavery in the united states. Collier and hoeffler 2000 define a civil war as intrastate conflict with at least battle related deaths with both rebel group and. Effect of the civil war and the role of librarian in postwar reconstruction in sierra leone. The term is a calque of the latin bellum civile which was used to refer to the various civil wars of the roman republic in the. It encompasses colonial wars, wars of independence, secessionist and separatist conflicts, major episodes of national. This was the case of the eritrean war of liberation against ethiopian regimes. Understanding the roots of conflict in south sudan council. Greed and grievance in civil war international affairs. Participatory politics grew in the 1990s and 2010s, as the percentage of african countries holding democratic elections increased from 7 to 40 percent and in. Understanding and preventing violent conflict ibrahim elbadawi1 and nicholas sambanis world bank contrary to. Civil wars around the world since 1945 have killed approximately 20 million people and displaced at least 67 million.
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